Notebookcheck Logo

NVIDIA Quadro P620 vs NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3050 A Laptop GPU

NVIDIA Quadro P620

► remove from comparison NVIDIA Quadro P620

Die Nvidia Quadro P620 ist eine mobile Workstation-Grafikkarte für Notebooks. Sie basiert auf den GP107 Pascal Chip mit 128 Bit Speicherbus und ist daher ähnlich zur älteren Quadro P1000 mit reduzierten Taktraten. Verglichen mit Consumer Chips, positioniert sich die Quadro P620 mit ihren 512 Shadern zwischen GeForce MX250 (384) und GTX 1050 (640).

Die Quadro-Grafikkarten bieten zertifizierte Treiber, welche auf Stabiltität und Performance bei professionellen Anwendungen (CAD-, DCC-, Medizin-, Prospektions-, Visualisierungsanwendungen) optimiert sind. Dadurch ist die Performance im Vergleich zu den Consumergrafikkarten mit gleichem Chip in diesen Bereichen deutlich besser.

NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3050 A Laptop GPU

► remove from comparison NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3050 A Laptop GPU

Die Nvidia GeForce RTX 3050 A Laptop GPU (oder Mobile) ist eine neue Variante basierend auf die aktuelle Ada Lovelace Architektur (im Vergleich zu Ampere bei den anderen RTX 3050 Laptop GPUs). Sie nutzt den AD106 Chip der RTX 4060 oder AD107 der RTX 4050, jedoch mit deutlich verringerter Kernanzahl und Speicherbus. Die RTX 3050 A bietet nur 1.792 GPU Kerne (CUDA Cores) und ein 4GB GDDR6 Grafikspeicher der nur mit 64-Bit angebunden ist. Nach aktuellen Informationen ist die 3050 A zum Launch nur für den Indischen Markt gedacht.

Durch die geringe Kernanzahl und den kleinen Speicherbus, sollte die Performance nicht deutlich überhalb der alten RTX 3050 4GB Laptop GPU liegen.

Der AD106 Chip wird bei TSMC im 5nm (4N) Verfahren gefertigt und ist dadurch deutlich effizienter als der alte Ampere Chip der RTX 3050 4GB. Der TGP kann vom Notebookhersteller zwischen 35 und 50 Watt gewählt werden (System Power).

NVIDIA Quadro P620NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3050 A Laptop GPU
GeForce RTX 3000 Serie
Quadro P5200 compare 2560 @ 1.32 - 1.57 GHz256 Bit @ 7216 MHz
Quadro P4200 compare 2304 @ 1.22 - 1.48 GHz256 Bit @ 7132 MHz
Quadro P5000 compare 2048 @ 1.16 - 1.51 GHz256 Bit @ 6006 MHz
Quadro P5000 Max-Q compare 2048 @ 1.1 - 1.37 GHz256 Bit @ 6006 MHz
Quadro P4000 compare 1792 @ 1.2 - 1.23 GHz256 Bit @ 6006 MHz
Quadro P4000 Max-Q compare 1792 @ 1.11 - 1.24 GHz256 Bit @ 6006 MHz
Quadro P3200 compare 1792 @ 0.71 - 1.23 GHz192 Bit @ 7008 MHz
Quadro P3000 compare 1280 @ 1.09 - 1.22 GHz192 Bit @ 7008 MHz
Quadro P3000 Max-Q compare 1280 @ 1.08 - 1.24 GHz192 Bit @ 7008 MHz
Quadro P2000 compare 768 @ 1.22 - 1.47 GHz128 Bit @ 6008 MHz
Quadro P2000 Max-Q compare 768 @ 1.22 - 1.47 GHz128 Bit @ 6008 MHz
Quadro P1000 compare 512 @ 1.49 - 1.52 GHz128 Bit @ 6008 MHz
Quadro P620 512 @ 1.18 - 1.44 GHz128 Bit @ 6000 MHz
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090 Ti compare 10752 @ 1.56 - 1.86 GHz384 Bit @ 21000 MHz
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090 compare 10496 @ 1.4 - 1.7 GHz384 Bit @ 19500 MHz
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3080 Ti compare 10240 @ 1.37 - 1.67 GHz384 Bit @ 19000 MHz
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3080 12 GB compare 8960/ cores @ 1.26 - 1.71 GHz384 Bit @ 19000 MHz
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3080 compare 8704 @ 1.45 - 1.71 GHz320 Bit @ 19000 MHz
GeForce RTX 3070 Ti compare 6144 @ 1.58 - 1.77 GHz256 Bit @ 19000 MHz
GeForce RTX 3080 Ti Laptop GPU compare 7424 @ 0.98 - 1.59 GHz256 Bit @ 14000 MHz
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3070 compare 5888 @ 1.5 - 1.73 GHz256 Bit @ 14000 MHz
GeForce RTX 3080 Laptop GPU compare 6144 @ 0.78 - 1.25 GHz256 Bit @ 14000 MHz
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3060 Ti compare 4864 @ 1.41 - 1.67 GHz256 Bit @ 14000 MHz
GeForce RTX 3070 Ti Laptop GPU compare 5888 @ 0.92 - 1.48 GHz256 Bit @ 14000 MHz
GeForce RTX 3070 Laptop GPU compare 5120 @ 0.78 - 1.29 GHz256 Bit @ 14000 MHz
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3060 compare 3584 @ 1.32 - 1.78 GHz192 Bit @ 15000 MHz
GeForce RTX 3080 Max-Q compare 6144 @ 0.78 - 1.25 GHz256 Bit @ 6000 MHz
GeForce RTX 3070 Max-Q compare 5120 @ 1.29 GHz256 Bit
GeForce RTX 3060 Laptop GPU compare 3840 @ 0.82 - 1.7 GHz192 Bit @ 14000 MHz
GeForce RTX 3060 Max-Q compare 3840 @ 1.28 GHz192 Bit
NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3050 compare 2560 @ 1.55 - 1.78 GHz128 Bit Bit @ 1750 MHz
GeForce RTX 3050 Ti Laptop GPU compare 2560 @ 1.22 - 1.49 GHz128 Bit @ 12000 MHz
GeForce RTX 3050 6GB Laptop GPU compare 2560 @ 1.24 - 1.49 GHz96 Bit @ 12000 MHz
GeForce RTX 3050 A Laptop GPU 1792 64 Bit
GeForce RTX 3050 4GB Laptop GPU compare 2048 @ 1.24 - 1.5 GHz128 Bit @ 12000 MHz
ArchitekturPascalAda Lovelace
Pipelines512 - unified1792 - unified
Kerntakt1177 - 1442 (Boost) MHz
Speichertakt6000 MHz
Speicherbandbreite128 Bit64 Bit
SpeichertypGDDR5GDDR6
Max. Speichergröße4 GB4 GB
Shared Memoryneinnein
APIDirectX 12_1, OpenGL 4.5DirectX 12_2, Shader 6.7, OpenGL 4.6
Stromverbrauch25 Watt45 Watt (35 - 80 Watt TGP)
Herstellungsprozess14 nm5 nm
FeaturesVulkan, Multi MonitorNVIDIA DLSS, NVIDIA Reflex, Resizable BAR, NVIDIA Broadcast, NVIDIA Ansel, NVIDIA ShadowPlay, NVIDIA G-SYNC, Advanced Optimus, Nvidia Max-Q, Dynamic Boost
Notebookgrößegroß (17" z.B.)mittel (15.4" z.B.)
Erscheinungsdatum27.05.2019 26.07.2024
PCIe4.0
DisplaysHDMI 2.1, DisplayPort 1.4a
PredecessorGeForce RTX 3050 4GB Laptop GPU

Benchmarks

Performance Rating - 3DMark 11 + Fire Strike + Time Spy - Quadro P620
2.1 pt (6%)
3DMark - 3DMark Time Spy Score
min: 1572     avg: 1583     median: 1582.5 (5%)     max: 1593 Points
3DMark - 3DMark Time Spy Graphics
min: 1383     avg: 1388     median: 1388 (4%)     max: 1393 Points
3DMark - 3DMark Ice Storm Unlimited Graphics
310112 Points (31%)
3DMark - 3DMark Ice Storm Extreme Graphics
119547 Points (14%)
3DMark - 3DMark Cloud Gate Score
min: 22501     avg: 23292     median: 23291.5 (22%)     max: 24082 Points
3DMark - 3DMark Cloud Gate Graphics
min: 29746     avg: 30410     median: 30409.5 (7%)     max: 31073 Points
3DMark - 3DMark Fire Strike Standard Score
min: 4402     avg: 4448     median: 4447.5 (7%)     max: 4493 Points
3DMark - 3DMark Fire Strike Standard Graphics
min: 4600     avg: 4673     median: 4672.5 (5%)     max: 4745 Points
3DMark - 3DMark Ice Storm Graphics
124567 Points (14%)
3DMark 11 - 3DM11 Performance Score
min: 6492     avg: 6552     median: 6519 (8%)     max: 6645 Points
3DMark 11 - 3DM11 Performance GPU
min: 5850     avg: 5939     median: 5909 (5%)     max: 6059 Points
3DMark Vantage
3DM Vant. Perf. total + NVIDIA Quadro P620
3DMark Vantage - 3DM Vant. Perf. total
25105 Points (7%)
3DM Vant. Perf. GPU no PhysX + NVIDIA Quadro P620
3DMark Vantage - 3DM Vant. Perf. GPU no PhysX
21759 Points (12%)
3DMark 06 3DMark 06 - Standard 1280x1024 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
3DMark 06
min: 34862     avg: 35092     median: 35092 (46%)     max: 35322 Points
SPECviewperf 12
specvp12 sw-03 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 12 - specvp12 sw-03
min: 77.7     avg: 83.4     median: 78.7 (20%)     max: 93.9 fps
specvp12 snx-02 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 12 - specvp12 snx-02
min: 49.5     avg: 50.1     median: 50.3 (7%)     max: 50.6 fps
specvp12 showcase-01 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 12 - specvp12 showcase-01
min: 25.23     avg: 26     median: 25.8 (6%)     max: 26.84 fps
specvp12 mediacal-01 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 12 - specvp12 mediacal-01
min: 14.32     avg: 14.5     median: 14.5 (4%)     max: 14.65 fps
specvp12 maya-04 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 12 - specvp12 maya-04
min: 40.7     avg: 40.9     median: 40.9 (11%)     max: 41.03 fps
specvp12 energy-01 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 12 - specvp12 energy-01
min: 3.86     avg: 3.9     median: 3.9 (3%)     max: 3.93 fps
specvp12 creo-01 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 12 - specvp12 creo-01
min: 59     avg: 59.5     median: 59.3 (24%)     max: 60.3 fps
specvp12 catia-04 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 12 - specvp12 catia-04
min: 53.2     avg: 54.2     median: 54.2 (9%)     max: 55.1 fps
specvp12 3dsmax-05 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 12 - specvp12 3dsmax-05
57.5 fps (10%)
SPECviewperf 13 specvp13 sw-04 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 13 - specvp13 sw-04
min: 78.5     avg: 81.7     median: 79.8 (21%)     max: 86.7 fps
specvp13 snx-03 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 13 - specvp13 snx-03
min: 89     avg: 90.4     median: 90.4 (10%)     max: 91.9 fps
specvp13 showcase-02 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 13 - specvp13 showcase-02
min: 25.23     avg: 26     median: 25.3 (6%)     max: 27.4 fps
specvp13 medical-02 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 13 - specvp13 medical-02
min: 13.05     avg: 19.1     median: 19.1 (4%)     max: 25.1 fps
specvp13 maya-05 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 13 - specvp13 maya-05
min: 68.3     avg: 68.8     median: 68.8 (8%)     max: 69.2 fps
specvp13 energy-02 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 13 - specvp13 energy-02
min: 7.29     avg: 7.7     median: 7.7 (2%)     max: 8.07 fps
specvp13 creo-02 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 13 - specvp13 creo-02
min: 66.2     avg: 67.3     median: 67.7 (10%)     max: 68 fps
specvp13 catia-05 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 13 - specvp13 catia-05
min: 76.6     avg: 77.4     median: 77.1 (9%)     max: 78.4 fps
specvp13 3dsmax-06 + NVIDIA Quadro P620
SPECviewperf 13 - specvp13 3dsmax-06
min: 55.2     avg: 56.4     median: 56.7 (10%)     max: 57.2 fps
Cinebench R10 Cinebench R10 Shading (32bit) + NVIDIA Quadro P620
Cinebench R10 - Cinebench R10 Shading (32bit)
6822 Points (5%)
Cinebench R11.5 Cinebench R11.5 OpenGL 64 Bit + NVIDIA Quadro P620
Cinebench R11.5 - Cinebench R11.5 OpenGL 64 Bit
126.4 fps (42%)
Cinebench R15
Cinebench R15 OpenGL 64 Bit + NVIDIA Quadro P620
Cinebench R15 - Cinebench R15 OpenGL 64 Bit
min: 143     avg: 159.4     median: 166.3 (10%)     max: 169 fps
Cinebench R15 OpenGL Ref. Match 64 Bit + NVIDIA Quadro P620
Cinebench R15 - Cinebench R15 OpenGL Ref. Match 64 Bit
99.6 % (100%)
GFXBench - GFXBench Car Chase Offscreen
92.4 fps (10%)
LuxMark v2.0 64Bit - LuxMark v2.0 Room GPU
1107 Samples/s (4%)
LuxMark v2.0 64Bit - LuxMark v2.0 Sala GPU
2058 Samples/s (4%)
ComputeMark v2.1 - ComputeMark v2.1 Result
3516 Points (4%)
Power Consumption - Furmark Stress Test Power Consumption - external Monitor *
66.6 Watt (9%)
Power Consumption - Witcher 3 Power Consumption *
min: 56     avg: 59.8     median: 59.8 (13%)     max: 63.5 Watt
Power Consumption - Witcher 3 ultra Power Efficiency
min: 0.285     avg: 0.3     median: 0.3 (26%)     max: 0.2946 fps per Watt
Emissions Witcher 3 Fan Noise + NVIDIA Quadro P620
Emissions - Witcher 3 Fan Noise
min: 38.7     avg: 40.7     median: 40.7 (65%)     max: 42.7 dB(A)

Average Benchmarks NVIDIA Quadro P620 → 0% n=0

- Bereich der Benchmarkergebnisse für diese Grafikkarte
- Durchschnittliche Benchmarkergebnisse für diese Grafikkarte
* Smaller numbers mean a higher performance
1 This benchmark is not used for the average calculation

Spiele-Benchmarks

Die folgenden Benchmarks basieren auf unseren Spieletests mit Testnotebooks. Die Performance dieser Grafikkarte bei den gelisteten Spielen ist abhängig von der verwendeten CPU, Speicherausstattung, Treiber und auch Betriebssystem. Dadurch müssen die untenstehenden Werte nicht repräsentativ sein. Detaillierte Informationen über das verwendete System sehen Sie nach einem Klick auf den fps-Wert.

FIFA 20

FIFA 20

2019
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
166  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
117.8  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
112  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
92.4  fps
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
75.8  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
29.7  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
19.3  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
14.5  fps
F1 2019

F1 2019

2019
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
102  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
46  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
39  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
26  fps
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
46.6  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
21.4  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
15.5  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
12.9  fps
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
88.4  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
35.2  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
29.1  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
26  fps
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
70  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
16  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
14  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
12  fps
F1 2018

F1 2018

2018
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
106  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
55  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
42  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
25  fps
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
104  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
71.3  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
63.9  fps
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
51.7 51.9 ~ 52 fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
25.6 25.8 ~ 26 fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
18.3 18.5 ~ 18 fps
Fortnite

Fortnite

2018
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
183.6  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
113.2  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
41.9  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
29.3  fps
Destiny 2

Destiny 2

2017
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
100.5  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
48.6  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
37.6  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
30.1  fps
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
96  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
37  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
27  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
20  fps
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
248.9  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
153.5  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
96.5  fps
Prey

Prey

2017
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
144.7  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
74.8  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
56.7  fps
Overwatch

Overwatch

2016
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
261.8  fps
med. 1366x768
100%
Quadro P620:
169  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
77  fps
Doom

Doom

2016
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
96.7  fps
med. 1366x768
100%
Quadro P620:
76.3  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
44.1  fps
low 1280x768
100%
Quadro P620:
50.6  fps
med. 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
29.2  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
25.4  fps
low 1024x768
100%
Quadro P620:
101.9  fps
med. 1366x768
100%
Quadro P620:
62.9  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
33.7  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
26.4  fps
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
156  fps
med. 1366x768
100%
Quadro P620:
139  fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
90.2  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
82.8  fps
low 1024x768
100%
Quadro P620:
90.7 101 ~ 96 fps
med. 1366x768
100%
Quadro P620:
51.7 57.7 ~ 55 fps
high 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
31.5 33 ~ 32 fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
16.5 18.1 ~ 17 fps
low 1280x720
100%
Quadro P620:
301.7  fps
med. 1366x768
100%
Quadro P620:
160.9  fps
high 1366x768
100%
Quadro P620:
140  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
52.8  fps
low 1024x768
100%
Quadro P620:
542  fps
med. 1366x768
100%
Quadro P620:
258.9  fps
high 1366x768
100%
Quadro P620:
156.8  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
82.4  fps
low 1024x768
100%
Quadro P620:
149.9  fps
high 1366x768
100%
Quadro P620:
73.1  fps
ultra 1920x1080
100%
Quadro P620:
28.4  fps

Average Gaming NVIDIA Quadro P620 → 100%

Average Gaming 30-70 fps → 100%

NVIDIA Quadro P620lowmed.highultraQHD4K
FIFA 20166117.811292.4
Borderlands 375.829.719.314.5
F1 2019102463926
Metro Exodus46.621.415.512.9
Apex Legends88.435.229.126
Shadow of the Tomb Raider70161412
F1 2018106554225
X-Plane 11.1110471.363.9
Final Fantasy XV Benchmark522618
Fortnite183.6113.241.929.3
Destiny 2100.548.637.630.1
Middle-earth: Shadow of War96372720
Rocket League248.9153.596.5
Prey144.774.856.7
Overwatch261.816977
Doom96.776.344.1
Ashes of the Singularity50.629.225.4
Rise of the Tomb Raider101.962.933.726.4
Dota 2 Reborn15613990.282.8
The Witcher 396553217
BioShock Infinite301.7160.914052.8
StarCraft II: Heart of the Swarm542258.9156.882.4
Guild Wars 2149.973.128.4
< 30 fps
< 60 fps
< 120 fps
≥ 120 fps

3
11
9
5
6
6
5
7
8
6
2
11
2
3






Eine Liste mit weiteren Spielen und allen Grafikkarten finden Sie auf unserer Seite: Welches Spiel ist mit welcher Grafikkarte spielbar?

Add one or more devices and compare

In the following list you can select (and also search for) devices that should be added to the comparison. You can select more than one device.

restrict list:

show all (including archived), 2024, 2023
v1.28
log 10. 04:08:43

#0 ran 0s before starting gpusingle class +0s ... 0s

#1 checking url part for id 9864 +0s ... 0s

#2 checking url part for id 12736 +0s ... 0s

#3 redirected to Ajax server, took 1731208123s time from redirect:0 +0s ... 0s

#4 did not recreate cache, as it is less than 5 days old! Created at Thu, 07 Nov 2024 05:16:39 +0100 +0s ... 0s

#5 composed specs +0.025s ... 0.026s

#6 did output specs +0s ... 0.026s

#7 start showIntegratedCPUs +0s ... 0.026s

#8 getting avg benchmarks for device 9864 +0.013s ... 0.039s

#9 got single benchmarks 9864 +0.005s ... 0.044s

#10 getting avg benchmarks for device 12736 +0s ... 0.044s

#11 got single benchmarks 12736 +0s ... 0.044s

#12 got avg benchmarks for devices +0s ... 0.044s

#13 min, max, avg, median took s +0.018s ... 0.062s

#14 before gaming benchmark output +0s ... 0.062s

#15 Got 91 rows for game benchmarks. +0.004s ... 0.066s

#16 composed SQL query for gamebenchmarks +0s ... 0.066s

#17 got data and put it in $dataArray +0.001s ... 0.067s

#18 benchmarks composed for output. +0.007s ... 0.074s

#19 calculated avg scores. +0s ... 0.074s

#20 return log +0.002s ... 0.076s

Teilen Sie diesen Artikel, um uns zu unterstützen. Jeder Link hilft!
> Notebook Test, Laptop Test und News > Benchmarks / Technik > Benchmarks / Technik > Grafikkarten Vergleich - Head 2 Head
Autor: Klaus Hinum,  8.09.2017 (Update:  1.07.2023)