Notebookcheck Logo

Qualcomm Adreno 619 vs Qualcomm Adreno 685 vs Qualcomm Adreno 619L

Qualcomm Adreno 619

► remove from comparison

Die Qualcomm Adreno 619 ist eine im Qualcomm Snapdragon 750G verbaute Grafikeinheit für Smartphones und Tablets (hauptsächlich Android basiert). Sie ist in der unteren Mittelklasse positioniert. 

Die Adreno 600 Serie unterstützt laut Wikipedia Vulkan 1.0, OpenGL ES 3.2, OpenCL 2.0 Full und DirectX 11_1. Der Chip sollte daher ein abgespeckter Adreno 630 (weniger Shader?) sein.

Qualcomm Adreno 685

► remove from comparison Qualcomm Adreno 685

Die Qualcomm Adreno 685 ist eine im Microsoft SQ1 integrierte Grafikeinheit für Windows-Tablets (Microsoft Surface X). Technisch eine Adreno 680 wie im Qualcomm Snapdragon 8cx ARM-SoC, jedoch wahrscheinlich höher getaktet. Microsoft gibt 2 Tflops theoretische Leistung an, versus 1.8 bei der Adreno 680 im 8cx.

Qualcomm Adreno 619L

► remove from comparison

Die Qualcomm Adreno 619L ist eine im Qualcomm Snapdragon 690 verbaute Grafikeinheit für Smartphones und Tablets (hauptsächlich Android basiert). Sie ist in der unteren Mittelklasse positioniert. 

Die Adreno 600 Serie unterstützt laut Wikipedia Vulkan 1.0, OpenGL ES 3.2, OpenCL 2.0 Full und DirectX 11_1. Der Chip sollte daher ein abgespeckter Adreno 630 (weniger Shader?) sein.

Qualcomm Adreno 619Qualcomm Adreno 685Qualcomm Adreno 619L
Adreno 600 Serie
Adreno 660
Adreno 650 @ 0.25 - 0.67 GHz
Adreno 690
Adreno 685
Adreno 680
Adreno 644
Adreno 643 @ 0.81 GHz
Adreno 642
Adreno 642L
Adreno 640
Adreno 630
Adreno 620
Adreno 619
Adreno 619L
Adreno 618
Adreno 616
Adreno 613 @ 0.96 GHz
Adreno 612
Adreno 610
Adreno 660
Adreno 650 @ 0.25 - 0.67 GHz
Adreno 690
Adreno 685
Adreno 680
Adreno 644
Adreno 643 @ 0.81 GHz
Adreno 642
Adreno 642L
Adreno 640
Adreno 630
Adreno 620
Adreno 619
Adreno 619L
Adreno 618
Adreno 616
Adreno 613 @ 0.96 GHz
Adreno 612
Adreno 610
Adreno 660
Adreno 650 @ 0.25 - 0.67 GHz
Adreno 690
Adreno 685
Adreno 680
Adreno 644
Adreno 643 @ 0.81 GHz
Adreno 642
Adreno 642L
Adreno 640
Adreno 630
Adreno 620
Adreno 619
Adreno 619L
Adreno 618
Adreno 616
Adreno 613 @ 0.96 GHz
Adreno 612
Adreno 610
ArchitekturAdreno 600Adreno 600
Shared Memoryjajaja
APIDirectX 12.1, OpenGL ES 3.2, VulkanDirectX 12DirectX 12.1, OpenGL ES 3.2, Vulkan
Herstellungsprozess8 nm7 nm8 nm
FeaturesOpenGL ES 3.2, OpenCL 2.0, Direct3D 12 (FL 12_1)OpenGL ES 3.2, OpenCL 2.0, Direct3D 12 (FL 12_1)
Erscheinungsdatum15.12.2015 06.12.2018 15.12.2015
Stromverbrauch7 Watt
CPU in Adreno 619GPU Base SpeedGPU Boost / Turbo
Qualcomm Snapdragon 6s Gen 38 x 2000 MHz? MHz? MHz
Qualcomm Snapdragon 695 5G8 x 1700 MHz? MHz? MHz
Qualcomm Snapdragon 4 Gen 18 x 1804 MHz? MHz? MHz
min. - max.? MHz? MHz
CPU in Adreno 685GPU Base SpeedGPU Boost / Turbo
Microsoft SQ18 x 3000 MHz? MHz? MHz
CPU in Adreno 619LGPU Base SpeedGPU Boost / Turbo
Qualcomm Snapdragon 690 5G8 x 1700 MHz? MHz? MHz

Benchmarks

3DMark - 3DMark Ice Storm Unlimited Graphics
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
3DMark - 3DMark Sling Shot (ES 3.0) Unlimited
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
3DMark - 3DMark Sling Shot (ES 3.0) Unlimited Graphics
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
3DMark - 3DMark Sling Shot Extreme (ES 3.1) Unlimited
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
3DMark - 3DMark Sling Shot Extreme (ES 3.1) Unlimited Graphics
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
3DMark - 3DMark Sling Shot (ES 3.0)
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
3DMark - 3DMark Sling Shot Extreme (ES 3.1)
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
3DMark - 3DMark Sling Shot Extreme (ES 3.1) Graphics
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
3DMark - 3DMark Wild Life Unlimited
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
3DMark - 3DMark Wild Life Extreme Unlimited
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
3DMark 11 - 3DM11 Performance Score
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
3DMark 11 - 3DM11 Performance GPU
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Cinebench R10 Cinebench R10 Shading (32bit) + Qualcomm Adreno 685
Cinebench R10 - Cinebench R10 Shading (32bit)
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
GFXBench - GFXBench 5.0 Aztec Ruins High Tier Offscreen
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
GFXBench - GFXBench 5.0 Aztec Ruins Normal Tier Offscreen
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
GFXBench - GFXBench Car Chase Offscreen
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
GFXBench 3.1 - GFXBench Manhattan ES 3.1 Offscreen
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
GFXBench 3.0 - GFXBench 3.0 Manhattan Offscreen
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
GFXBench (DX / GLBenchmark) 2.7
GFXBench T-Rex HD Offscreen C24Z16 + Qualcomm Adreno 619
GFXBench (DX / GLBenchmark) 2.7 - GFXBench T-Rex HD Offscreen C24Z16
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
GFXBench T-Rex HD Offscreen C24Z16 + Qualcomm Adreno 685
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
GFXBench T-Rex HD Offscreen C24Z16 + Qualcomm Adreno 619L
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Antutu v9 - AnTuTu v9 GPU
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Basemark GPU 1.2 - Basemark GPU 1.2 Vulkan Official Medium Offscreen 1080
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Geekbench 6.3 - Geekbench 6.3 GPU OpenCL
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Geekbench 6.3 - Geekbench 6.3 GPU Vulkan
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
ComputeMark v2.1 - ComputeMark v2.1 Result
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
PassMark PerformanceTest Mobile V1 - PerformanceTest Mobile V1 2D Graphics Tests
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
PassMark PerformanceTest Mobile V1 - PerformanceTest Mobile V1 3D Graphics Tests
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Power Consumption - GFXBench Aztec Ruins Normal Tier Offscreen Power Consumption 150cd *
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
Maximum value not found for - , could not paint bar!
- Bereich der Benchmarkergebnisse für diese Grafikkarte
red legend - Durchschnittliche Benchmarkergebnisse für diese Grafikkarte
* Smaller numbers mean a higher performance
1 This benchmark is not used for the average calculation

Spiele-Benchmarks

Die folgenden Benchmarks basieren auf unseren Spieletests mit Testnotebooks. Die Performance dieser Grafikkarte bei den gelisteten Spielen ist abhängig von der verwendeten CPU, Speicherausstattung, Treiber und auch Betriebssystem. Dadurch müssen die untenstehenden Werte nicht repräsentativ sein. Detaillierte Informationen über das verwendete System sehen Sie nach einem Klick auf den fps-Wert.

Diablo Immortal

Diablo Immortal

2022
low Medium
100%
Adreno 619:
29.7 30 30 30 30 30 ~ 30 fps
ultra Ultra
100%
Adreno 619:
29.4 30 30 30 30 ~ 30 fps
League of Legends: Wild Rift

League of Legends: Wild Rift

2020
low
100%
Adreno 619:
30  fps
high
100%
Adreno 619:
60  fps
ultra
Adreno 619L:
60  fps
Genshin Impact

Genshin Impact

2020
low
100%
Adreno 619:
20 29.8 45 54 ~ 37 fps
med.
100%
Adreno 619:
36  fps
ultra
100%
Adreno 619:
20 28 29.3 30 ~ 27 fps
Armajet

Armajet

2020
high
100%
Adreno 619:
30 30 30 30 30 30 59 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 77 86 89 90 95 98 ~ 60 fps
PUBG Mobile

PUBG Mobile

2018
low
100%
Adreno 619:
29 38.7 39 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 ~ 39 fps
103%
Adreno 619L:
39 40 ~ 40 fps
med.
100%
Adreno 619:
40 40 40 40 40 ~ 40 fps
100%
Adreno 619L:
40 40 ~ 40 fps
high
100%
Adreno 619:
28 29.3 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 60 ~ 31 fps
97%
Adreno 619L:
30 30 ~ 30 fps
Dead Trigger 2

Dead Trigger 2

2013
high
100%
Adreno 619:
60 60 93 115 121 ~ 90 fps
67%
Adreno 619L:
60  fps
Asphalt 9: Legends

Asphalt 9: Legends

2013
low
100%
Adreno 619:
30 30 30 ~ 30 fps
high
100%
Adreno 619:
30 30 30 30 30 ~ 30 fps
97%
Adreno 619L:
29  fps
Real Racing 3

Real Racing 3

2013
high
Adreno 619L:
60  fps
Subway Surfers

Subway Surfers

2012
high
100%
Adreno 619:
90  fps

Average Gaming Qualcomm Adreno 619 → 100%

Average Gaming 30-70 fps → 100%

Average Gaming Qualcomm Adreno 619L → 93%

Average Gaming 30-70 fps → 90%

Qualcomm Adreno 619lowmed.highultraQHD4K
Diablo Immortal3030
League of Legends: Wild Rift3060
Genshin Impact373627
Armajet60
PUBG Mobile394031
Dead Trigger 290
Asphalt 9: Legends3030
Subway Surfers90
< 30 fps
< 60 fps
< 120 fps
≥ 120 fps

5


2


2
4
1
1







Qualcomm Adreno 619Llowmed.highultraQHD4K
League of Legends: Wild Rift60
PUBG Mobile404030
Dead Trigger 260
Asphalt 9: Legends29
Real Racing 360
< 30 fps
< 60 fps
< 120 fps
≥ 120 fps

1


1

1
1
2


1






Eine Liste mit weiteren Spielen und allen Grafikkarten finden Sie auf unserer Seite: Welches Spiel ist mit welcher Grafikkarte spielbar?

v1.28
Errors [Close]

#0 Stopped to cacheFillTable as currently in progress (1 sys_registry entries found) +0s ... 0.04s

#1 sys_registry tx_nbc2fe_gpusingle_1 entry uid:573461 from 2024.11.25 05:18 +0s ... 0.04s

#2 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 56286> for benchmark 201, setting:714 +0s ... 0.139s

#3 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 44899> for benchmark 201, setting:714 +0s ... 0.139s

#4 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 4286> for benchmark 201, setting:1054 +0s ... 0.141s

#5 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 3327> for benchmark 201, setting:1054 +0s ... 0.141s

#6 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 4573> for benchmark 201, setting:1055 +0s ... 0.142s

#7 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 3315> for benchmark 201, setting:1055 +0s ... 0.142s

#8 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 3107> for benchmark 201, setting:1057 +0s ... 0.143s

#9 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 2348> for benchmark 201, setting:1057 +0s ... 0.143s

#10 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 3008> for benchmark 201, setting:1058 +0s ... 0.144s

#11 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 2187> for benchmark 201, setting:1058 +0s ... 0.144s

#12 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 4156> for benchmark 201, setting:897 +0s ... 0.145s

#13 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 3215> for benchmark 201, setting:897 +0s ... 0.145s

#14 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 4414> for benchmark 201, setting:915 +0s ... 0.145s

#15 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 3204> for benchmark 201, setting:915 +0s ... 0.146s

#16 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 2983> for benchmark 201, setting:898 +0s ... 0.146s

#17 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 2198> for benchmark 201, setting:898 +0s ... 0.146s

#18 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 2845> for benchmark 201, setting:917 +0s ... 0.147s

#19 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 1992> for benchmark 201, setting:917 +0s ... 0.147s

#20 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 1578> for benchmark 201, setting:2348 +0s ... 0.148s

#21 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 826> for benchmark 201, setting:2348 +0s ... 0.148s

#22 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 410> for benchmark 201, setting:2465 +0s ... 0.148s

#23 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 247> for benchmark 201, setting:2465 +0s ... 0.149s

#24 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 1968> for benchmark 73, setting:294 +0s ... 0.149s

#25 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 1927> for benchmark 73, setting:295 +0s ... 0.15s

#26 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 373> for benchmark 22, setting:38 +0s ... 0.15s

#27 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 4> for benchmark 365, setting:2715 +0s ... 0.151s

#28 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 8.9> for benchmark 365, setting:1696 +0s ... 0.151s

#29 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 5.8> for benchmark 365, setting:1696 +0s ... 0.151s

#30 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 23> for benchmark 365, setting:1690 +0s ... 0.152s

#31 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 16> for benchmark 365, setting:1690 +0s ... 0.152s

#32 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 21> for benchmark 365, setting:979 +0s ... 0.153s

#33 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 15> for benchmark 365, setting:979 +0s ... 0.153s

#34 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 36> for benchmark 327, setting:884 +0s ... 0.154s

#35 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 26> for benchmark 327, setting:884 +0s ... 0.154s

#36 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 68> for benchmark 260, setting:743 +0s ... 0.154s

#37 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 31.7> for benchmark 260, setting:743 +0s ... 0.155s

#38 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 37> for benchmark 260, setting:743 +0s ... 0.155s

#39 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 100> for benchmark 216, setting:640 +0s ... 0.155s

#40 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 167.7> for benchmark 216, setting:640 +0s ... 0.156s

#41 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 73> for benchmark 216, setting:640 +0s ... 0.156s

#42 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 106719> for benchmark 833, setting:2453 +0s ... 0.156s

#43 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 76440> for benchmark 833, setting:2453 +0s ... 0.157s

#44 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 31.27> for benchmark 731, setting:2211 +0s ... 0.157s

#45 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 22.85> for benchmark 731, setting:2211 +0s ... 0.157s

#46 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 1391> for benchmark 967, setting:2920 +0s ... 0.158s

#47 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 1231> for benchmark 967, setting:2921 +0s ... 0.158s

#48 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 2292> for benchmark 147, setting:485 +0s ... 0.158s

#49 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 291780> for benchmark 200, setting:597 +0s ... 0.159s

#50 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 13095> for benchmark 200, setting:597 +0s ... 0.159s

#51 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 28746> for benchmark 200, setting:598 +0s ... 0.159s

#52 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 1751> for benchmark 200, setting:598 +0s ... 0.16s

#53 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 7.31> for benchmark 416, setting:2492 +0s ... 0.16s

#54 Warning cache corrupt or update under way as 2.36> for benchmark 416, setting:2492 +0s ... 0.161s

log 25. 05:18:02

#0 ran 0s before starting gpusingle class +0s ... 0s

#1 checking url part for id 10584 +0s ... 0s

#2 checking url part for id 9954 +0s ... 0s

#3 checking url part for id 10573 +0s ... 0s

#4 redirected to Ajax server, took 1732508282s time from redirect:0 +0s ... 0s

#5 will recreate cache as older than 5 days: 1732508282s = 20052.179189815d, id:gpuID:10584 +0.02s ... 0.02s

#6 table tx_nbc2_benchcache_gpu already found +0.02s ... 0.04s

#7 About to fill cache table +0s ... 0.04s

#8 composed specs +0.021s ... 0.061s

#9 did output specs +0s ... 0.061s

#10 start showIntegratedCPUs +0s ... 0.061s

#11 getting avg benchmarks for device 10584 +0.029s ... 0.089s

#12 got single benchmarks 10584 +0.04s ... 0.129s

#13 getting avg benchmarks for device 9954 +0s ... 0.13s

#14 got single benchmarks 9954 +0.003s ... 0.133s

#15 getting avg benchmarks for device 10573 +0s ... 0.133s

#16 got single benchmarks 10573 +0.005s ... 0.138s

#17 got avg benchmarks for devices +0s ... 0.138s

#18 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0.001s ... 0.139s

#19 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.139s

#20 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0.002s ... 0.141s

#21 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.141s

#22 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.142s

#23 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.142s

#24 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0.001s ... 0.143s

#25 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.143s

#26 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.144s

#27 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.144s

#28 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.145s

#29 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.145s

#30 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.145s

#31 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.146s

#32 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.146s

#33 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.146s

#34 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.147s

#35 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.147s

#36 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0.001s ... 0.148s

#37 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.148s

#38 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.148s

#39 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.149s

#40 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.149s

#41 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.15s

#42 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.15s

#43 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.151s

#44 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.151s

#45 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.151s

#46 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0.001s ... 0.152s

#47 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.152s

#48 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0.001s ... 0.153s

#49 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.153s

#50 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.154s

#51 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.154s

#52 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.154s

#53 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.155s

#54 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.155s

#55 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.155s

#56 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.156s

#57 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.156s

#58 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.156s

#59 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.157s

#60 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.157s

#61 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.157s

#62 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.158s

#63 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.158s

#64 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.158s

#65 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.159s

#66 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.159s

#67 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.159s

#68 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.16s

#69 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.16s

#70 No cached benchmark found, getting uncached values +0s ... 0.161s

#71 min, max, avg, median took s +0s ... 0.161s

#72 before gaming benchmark output +0s ... 0.161s

#73 Got 129 rows for game benchmarks. +0.019s ... 0.18s

#74 composed SQL query for gamebenchmarks +0s ... 0.18s

#75 got data and put it in $dataArray +0.001s ... 0.181s

#76 benchmarks composed for output. +0.004s ... 0.184s

#77 calculated avg scores. +0s ... 0.184s

#78 return log +0.001s ... 0.185s

Teilen Sie diesen Artikel, um uns zu unterstützen. Jeder Link hilft!
Mail Logo
> Notebook Test, Laptop Test und News > Benchmarks / Technik > Benchmarks / Technik > Grafikkarten Vergleich - Head 2 Head
Autor: Klaus Hinum,  8.09.2017 (Update:  1.07.2023)